- Class 1
- Virginia Code 46.2-904.1 defines Class 1 as pedal-assist only with assistance ending at 20 mph and motor power up to 750 watts.
- Class 2
- Virginia Class 2 allows throttle operation with assistance ending at 20 mph.
- Class 3
- Virginia Class 3 is pedal-assist only up to 28 mph and has additional requirements (including speedometer and stricter operation limits).
- Helmet laws
- Virginia requires helmets for Class 3 operation under state statute and applies additional local/age bicycle safety rules where applicable.
- Age restrictions
- Virginia sets minimum age/supervision rules for Class 3 operation in statute.
- Road access
- Qualifying e-bikes may use roads and bike lanes where bicycles are allowed.
- Trail access
- Class 1/2 are generally permitted where bicycles are allowed unless restricted; Class 3 access can be narrower unless expressly authorized.
- Sidewalk rules
- Local ordinances regulate sidewalks.
- Important notes
- Primary references: Va. Code §§46.2-904.1, 46.2-915.2 (electric power-assisted bicycles and local authority to regulate). NOVA trail coalitions and Shenandoah NPS units post separate rules. Educational summary only—not legal advice.